The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s, when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). Despite efforts by animal rights activists to outlaw it, bullfighting remains a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. [71] The native population declined 80–90% by 1600 to 1–2.5 million. Meksiko (esp. However, the pandemic situation worsened significantly. Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of Mexico is still widely read today. México tai Méjico), virallisesti Meksikon yhdysvallat (esp. [464], In 2013, Mexico's basketball team won the Americas Basketball Championship and qualified for the 2014 Basketball World Cup where it reached the playoffs. Terrängen i Toluca de Lerdo är kuperad västerut, men österut är den platt. [257] According to the OECD's own poverty line (defined as the percentage of a country's population who earns 60%[258] or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico's population lives in a situation of poverty. [28][29][30][31][32] However, the country continues to struggle with social inequalities, poverty and extensive crime; it ranks poorly on the Global Peace Index,[33] due in large part to ongoing conflict between the government and drug trafficking syndicates that led to over 120,000 deaths since 2006.[34]. [179], Unlike many Latin American countries, the military in Mexico does not participate in politics and is under civilian control. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot in the Zócalo. Some of the most outstanding painters in the late 20th century and early 21st century: Francisco Toledo was a Mexican Zapotec painter, sculptor, and graphic artist. [378][379] Modern Asian immigration began in the late 19th century, and at one point in the early 20th century the Chinese were the second largest immigrant group. The coastlines of Mexico harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sunbathers and other visitors. The Penguin Atlas of World Population History, pp. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity. [388] Since its creation in March 2003, the National Indigenous Languages Institute has been in charge of promoting and protecting the use of the country's indigenous languages, through the General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights, which recognizes them de jure as "national languages" with status equal to that of Spanish. After the turmoil in Mexico from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General Porfirio Díaz (r.1876–1911) allowed Mexico to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of "order and progress". Északról az Egyesült Államok, délkeletről Guatemala és Belize, nyugatról a Csendes-óceán, keletről pedig a Mexikói-öböl és a Karib-tenger határolja. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital, Texcoco was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. De flesta av dessa ingår i Mexico Citys storstadsområde, som kallas Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, eller storstadsområdet runt Toluca de Lerdo. [265][364], Similarly to Mestizo and indigenous peoples, estimates of the percentage of European-descended Mexicans vary considerably depending of the criteria used: recent nationwide field surveys that account for different phenotypical traits (hair color, skin color etc.) During the Porfiriato, Díaz realized the importance of photography in shaping the understanding of his regime and its accomplishments. The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. [22][23] Its large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady democratization make Mexico a regional and middle power;[24][25][26][27] it is often identified as an emerging power but is considered a newly industrialized state by several analysts. [440] In the search for a new architecture that does not resemble the styles of the past, it achieves a joint manifestation with the mural painting and the landscaping. Underkategorier. [386] In written form, the Spanish Royal Academy serves as the primary guideline for spelling, except for words of Amerindian origin that retain their original phonology such as cenzontle instead of sinzontle and México not Méjico. Energy production in Mexico is managed by the state-owned companies Federal Commission of Electricity and Pemex. [264] All of the indices of social development for the Mexican Indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average, which is motive of concern for the government. [208], In recent years, Mexico has improved its training techniques, military command and information structures and has taken steps to becoming more self-reliant in supplying its military by designing as well as manufacturing its own arms,[209] missiles,[207] aircraft,[210] vehicles, heavy weaponry, electronics,[206] defense systems,[206] armor, heavy military industrial equipment and heavy naval vessels. Among the most outstanding we can mention are Claudio Linati, Daniel Thomas Egerton, Carl Nebel, Thomas Moran, and Leonora Carrington. Life expectancy went from 36 years (in 1895) to 72 years (in the year 2000). There are three major television companies in Mexico that own the primary networks and broadcast covering all nation, Televisa, TV Azteca and Imagen Television. [73], The 1521 capture Tenochtitlan and immediate founding of the Spanish capital Mexico City on its ruins was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as Nueva España (New Spain). [267] The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities. Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México, locally [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈmexiko] (); abbreviated as CDMX; Nahuatl languages: Āltepētl Mēxihco) is the capital and largest city of Mexico and the most populous city in North America. Both Verónica Ruiz de Velasco and Francisco Toledo were students of Rufino Tamayo. [108]:87–88, The successful rebels established the First Mexican Republic. [445] Baroque literature flourished in the 17th century; the most notable writers of this period were Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz. The third-largest Christian group is the Jehovah's Witnesses, which totals more than 1 million adherents. [344] This is the product of an ideology strongly promoted by Mexican academics such as Manuel Gamio and José Vasconcelos known as mestizaje, whose goal was that of Mexico becoming a racially and culturally homogeneous country. [382] As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, around 36 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the country's population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry. State-funded institutions such as Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) and the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. [300] Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.[301]. [459] Rafael Márquez is the only Mexican to have won the Champions League. The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought another solution to gain power via foreign intervention by the French. The declaration of independence signed on 6 November 1813 by the deputies of the Congress of Anáhuac called the territory América Septentrional (Northern America); the 1821 Plan of Iguala also used América Septentrional. Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with sporadic rainfall while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than 2,000 mm (78.7 in) of annual precipitation. However, he won with a plurality of about 38%, and did not have a legislative majority. The following decades were marked by instability and dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, who sought to modernize Mexico and restore order. [277], The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States account for 0.2% of Mexico's GDP[278] which was equal to US$20 billion per year in 2004 and is the tenth largest source of foreign income after oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services. [430] The remains of the victims were frequently mutilated. [466], Mexico is an international power in professional boxing. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed by the Rockefellers the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin. The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain in 1535. [414] Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities,[415][416] but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care. Although the racial system appears fixed and rigid, there was some fluidity within it, and racial domination of whites was not complete. Många stora städer har vuxit upp i närheten av Mexico City och delstaten har flera städer med över 100 000 invånare. As a result, since 1930 the only explicit ethnic classification that has been included in Mexican censuses has been that of "Indigenous peoples". Procuraduría General de la República", "Mexico's Congress Passes Overhaul of Justice Laws", "Mexico Boosts Force in War with Drug Gang", "100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels", "Uno de cada cinco, víctima de algún delito: Inegi", "Gobierno de Calderón mantiene récord en violaciones a derechos", "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report", "More Than 30,000 Killed in Mexico's Drug Violence", "Mexican president: We're not losing drug war", "Otorgará Iniciativa Mérida 500 mdd a México en primer año", "Más de 100 periodistas asesinados en México desde el año 2000", "Mexicans in biggest protest yet over missing students", "Mexico's 31 States and One Federal District", "Federal District is now officially Mexico City: The change brings more autonomy for the country's capital", "Total GNI Atlas Method 2009, World Bank", "A Nasty, Nafta-Related Surprise: Mexico's Soaring Obesity", "GNI per capita 2009, Atlas method and PPP, World Bank", "Mexico 2050: The World's Fifth Largest Economy", "World in 2050 – The BRICs and beyond: prospects, challenges and opportunities", "How much should you earn in Mexico to belong to the middle or upper class? [125] It saw uprisings against President Díaz, his resignation, an interim presidency, and the democratic election of a rich landowner, Francisco I. Madero in 1911. It is argued that the Catholic religion is part of the ethnic identity, and that the Protestants are not willing to participate in the traditional customs and practices (the tequio or community work, participation in the festivities and similar issues). [427] However, a wave of feminism in 2020 has criticized the president for his tone-deaf response to murders of women in Mexico. Administrativ huvudort är Toluca de Lerdo. Landet är idag bland de 15 största ekonomierna i världen. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Mexico's total area is 1,972,550 km2 (761,606 sq mi), making it the world's 13th largest country by total area. After winning a landslide victory in the July 2018 presidential elections, he became the first leftwing president for decades. As a result of its trade links with Asia, the rest of the Americas, Africa and Europe and the profound effect of New World silver, central Mexico was one of the first regions to be incorporated into a globalized economy. The National Autonomous University of Mexico ranks 103rd in the QS World University Rankings, making it the best university in Mexico. Demonstrations in central Mexico City went on for weeks before the planned opening of the games, with the government of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz cracking down. [188] In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million dollars to the United Nations regular budget. [135], Although the economy continued to flourish for some, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. [citation needed]. Den här artikeln behandlar Mexikos historia.. När Mexiko år 1521 blev en spansk koloni fanns där högtstående indianska civilisationer, såsom maya, azteker, purepecha (tarasker) och mixteker.Maya-civilisationen (750–950 e.Kr.) [256] However, rather than Mexico's economy crashing, international economists attribute the huge increase in the percentage of population living below the country's poverty line to the CONEVAL using new standards to define it, as now besides people who lives below the economic welfare line, people who lacks at least one "social need" such as complete education, access to healthcare, access to regular food, housing services and goods, social security etc. [227] Mexico's drug war, ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in prehispanic Mexico, being divided into two broad categories—secular and religious. [393] However, a high level of English proficiency is limited to only 5% of the population. Mexico has a long tradition of classical music, as far back as the 16th century, when it was a Spanish colony. Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Félix, Pedro Infante, Dolores del Río, Jorge Negrete and the comedian Cantinflas. [56] The Aztec were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León. Mexico is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after China, United States, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico between 1947 and 1965 some of his masterpieces like Los Olvidados (1949) and Viridiana (1961). The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telmex (Teléfonos de México), privatized in 1990. [274] In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports. "[445] The 18th and early 19th centuries gave us José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, whose The Mangy Parrot ("El Periquillo Sarniento"), is said to be the first Latin American novel. Economic problems worsened in his early term, then massive reserves of petroleum were located off Mexico's Gulf Coast. Also known as the Revillagigedo census. Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism. The Oaxacan School quickly gained fame and prestige, diffusion of ancestral and modern culture. Romanticists from a past seen through archeology show images of medieval Europe, Islamic and pre-Hispanic Mexico in the form of architectural elements in the construction of international exhibition pavilions looking for an identity typical of the national culture. He made no attempt, however, to establish a family dynasty, naming no relative as his successor. [111] His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General Anastasio Bustamante, led a coup against him and Guerrero was judicially murdered. [45] Agustín Victor Casasola is the most famous of photographer of the revolutionary era, and he collected other photographers' images in the Casasola Archive; his vast collection was purchased by the Mexican government and is now part of the government photographic repository, the Fototeca. [242] It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its own constitution and congress. were considered to be living in poverty (several countries do collect information regarding the persistence of said vulnerabilities on their population, but Mexico is the only one that classifies people lacking one or more of those needs as living below its national poverty line). The capital Mexico City was and remains the premier city. [289] In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%. They promulgated a new Constitution of 1857, separating Church and State, stripping the Conservative institutions of the Church and the military of their special privileges (fueros); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education. Una relectura de los censos generales de población", "México sin mestizaje: una reinterpretación de nuestra historia", "Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)", "El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa", "Indicadores seleccionados sobre la población hablante de lengua indígena, 1950 a 2005", "¿Qué es y cómo se determina un hogar indígena? A provision of the Plan of Iguala of Agustín de Iturbide bringing about Mexican independence in 1821, also included Catholic exclusivity in the religious sphere. Alondra de la Parra is also an official cultural ambassador of Mexico. Salvucci, Linda. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well. Sidan redigerades senast den 26 februari 2021 kl. Artikel i Wikipedia där du kan läsa om Mexiko ur olika perspektiv. There were formal legal designations of racial categories. Being at the crossroads of trade, people and cultures, Mexico City has been called the "first world city". [226], Drug cartels are a major concern in Mexico. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of large ceremonial centers. Despite not holding the presidency, Calles remained the key political figure during the period known as the Maximato (1929–1934). The Mexican government ordered a survey of land with the aim of selling it for development. His government had to contend with mistrust of Mexicans and increasing economic problems. A fourth mountain range, the Sierra Madre del Sur, runs from Michoacán to Oaxaca. Läge i Mexiko Amatepec är en ort i Mexiko , och administrativ huvudort i kommunen Amatepec i den sydvästra delen av delstaten Mexiko , i den centrala delen av landet. [213] In 1970, Mexico's national institute for nuclear research successfully refined weapons grade uranium[214][failed verification] which is used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons but in April 2010, Mexico agreed to turn over its weapons grade uranium to the United States. Consolidating power, President Carranza had peasant-leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated in 1919. This sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas's radical measure, but since then the company has played an important role in the economic development of Mexico. This enabled the transition from paleo-Indian hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC. Important artists of the colonial period, include the writers Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, painters Cristóbal de Villalpando and Miguel Cabrera, and architect Manuel Tolsá. The two pillars of Spanish rule were the State and the Roman Catholic Church, both under the authority of the Spanish crown. "[124], The Mexican Revolution was a decade-long transformational conflict in Mexico, with consequences to this day. At an installed capacity of 46.8 MWp, when complete in 2013, the project will be the first utility scale project of its kind in Mexico and the largest solar project of any kind in Latin America. [139] In 1990 the PRI was famously described by Mario Vargas Llosa as the "perfect dictatorship", but by then there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.[140][141][142]. After the slowdown of 2001 the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006,[249] even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth. In 2014 alone, more than $10 billion in investment was committed. [325] Even then, across the years the government has used different criteria to count Indigenous peoples, with each of them returning considerably different numbers ranging from 6.1%[1] to 23% of the country's population. The terms are plainly linked; it is generally believed that the toponym for the valley was the origin of the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance, but it may have been the other way around. "[204] The transformation was brought about by revolutionary generals in the 1920s and 1930s, following the demise of the Federal Army following its complete defeat during the decade-long Mexican Revolution. [328][329][330][332][367] While during the colonial era, most of the European migration into Mexico was Spanish, in the 19th and 20th centuries a substantial number of non-Spanish Europeans immigrated to the country,[368] with Europeans often being the most numerous ethnic group in colonial Mexican cities. The Viceroyalty at its greatest extent included the territories of modern Mexico, Central America as far south as Costa Rica, and the western United States. This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 07:41. The discovery of the Americas brought to the rest of the world many widely used food crops and edible plants. In 1914 that army was dissolved as an institution. Once the destination for the rich and famous, the beaches have become crowded and the shores are now home to many multi-story hotels and vendors. [153], Mexico is located between latitudes 14° and 33°N, and longitudes 86° and 119°W in the southern portion of North America. Et ønske om uafhængighed fra Spanien førte til en lang krig, der endte med uafhængighed i 1821.Efter uafhængigheden blev territoriet langsomt mindre. Díaz's long success did not include planning for a political transition beyond his own presidency. Major macroeconomic reforms were started by President Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999. Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of Mexican culture. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, first in the Americas and seventh in the world, The Aztec were noted for practicing human sacrifice, General History of the Things of New Spain, History of Mexico § Spanish Rule (1521-1821), Economic history of Mexico § Economy of New Spain, 1521–1821, History of Mexico City § Colonial period, 1521-1821, Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America, Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, world's 13th largest country by total area, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Christian Democrat Organization of America, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods, powerful actor in hemispheric and world affairs, National Geography and Statistics Institute, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, media workers have been killed or disappeared, National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy, History of science and technology in Mexico, Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, Secretary of Communications and Transport, ongoing political and economic crisis in Venezuela, Neustadt International Prize for Literature, sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages, General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Iglesia apostólica de la Fe en Cristo Jesús, Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, "Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, title 2, article 40", "CONEVAL INFORMA LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA POBREZA 2010–2016", "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples", "Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas", "DF no es el estado 32, aclaran legisladores", THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PRESERVATION OF MESOAMERICAN ARCHIVES: AN ASSESSMENT, "Chronology: Checkered history of the PRI's rule in Mexico", "Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence", "How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics", "G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power", "Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor", "Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)", "Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World", "UNESCO World Heritage Centre — World Heritage List", "Mexico's World Heritage Sites Photographic Exhibition at UN Headquarters", "México ocupa el sexto lugar en turismo a nivel mundial", "El cambio de la denominación de "Estados Unidos Mexicanos" por la de "México" en la Constitución Federal", "The word "Azteca" was NOT created by Von Humboldt!
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